古村治彦です。
アメリカのプロのアメリカンフットボール(NFL、National Football League)のチャンピオンを決めるスーパーボウルは毎回1億人以上が視聴する一大イヴェントです。テレビCMでは各企業がスーパーボウル特別仕様のものを流します。ハーフタイム・ショーでは超一流アーティストがパフォーマンスをすることでも知られています。アメリカンフットボールは、アメリカでこそ超花形スポーツですが、他国ではまだそこまで普及していません。ルールが分かりにくい(基本的なルールさえわかれば楽しめます)、広い場所とヘルメットなど防具など高価な道具が必要とあって、普及していません。
日本はアメリカ以外では世界最強の国です。アメリカンフットボールの競技人口も多く、また人気も関西を中心にして高いです。毎年12月に開催される東西の大学代表が日本一の座を争う甲子園ボウルと社会人代表と大学代表が日本一をかけて争うお正月のライスボウルはテレビ中継がされます。関西では今では大学の試合はテレビによる放映は行われていないようですが、ダイジェストでは放送があるようです。こうした環境もあって、日本は本家のアメリカには遠く遠く及びませんが、アメリカンフットボールの強国です。
アメリカでは花形スポーツであるアメリカンフットボールに多くの子供たちが親しみます。体格と運動能力に優れた子供たちは選抜されていき、強豪大学から奨学金付きでスカウトされ、大学で活躍すると膨大な契約金と年俸でプロ入りします。高校卒業後にそのままプロ入りするという選手はアメリカンフットボールやバスケットボールではあまり見かけません。
以下にNBCニュースの報道記事を掲載しますが、NFLとアメリカンフットボールの人気が下がっているということです。記事のタイトルは「脳震盪と抗議活動:フットボールの人気が下がっている」というものです。
アメリカンフットボールは激しい当たりが醍醐味のスポーツですが、その代償もまた大きく、重傷を負う選手も多数出てきます。問題になっているのは頭からぶつかる、もしくは倒されることの衝撃で脳に受けるダメージです。引退後のアメリカンフットボールの選手で脳のダメージに苦しんでいる人が多くいます。NFLの選手は選手を続けられる期間が野球やバスケットボールと比べると短いので、短い間に巨額のお金を稼ぐことになりますが、その代償は大きいのです。アメリカのプロスポーツ界では、オリンピックなどで禁止されている筋肉増強剤の使用が蔓延していました。その副作用で現役引退後に若くで亡くなる人たちも出てしまいました。
また、最近ではトランプ政権に抗議をして、試合前のアメリカ国歌演奏中に起立ではなく、膝をついて抗議の意思を示す選手が増えています。これについて、NFLを熱心に応援している人々はトランプ支持者が多く、そのために選手たちに反感を覚え、NFLを熱心に応援しなくなったという現象も起きているようです。NFLのチケット料金が高騰している中で、自分たちは苦しい家計から何とかチケット代を捻出して見に行っているのに、高額の年俸を稼いでいるあいつらのあの態度はなんだ、ということになります。
以下の記事は、NBCとウォールストリート・ジャーナル紙の共同世論調査を基にして構成されています。NFLを熱心に見ている、結果などを詳しくチェックしているという人の割合は2014年が58パーセントだったのが、2018年は49パーセントに下がっています。
この数字を詳しく見ていくと、人種別では、白人の人々の割合が大きく減っています。2014年には59パーセントだったのが2018年には47パーセントに下落しています。さらに見ていくと、白人男性で69パーセントから47パーセントに下落しています。
支持政党別でみると、共和党支持者で15ポイント、民主党支持者で8ポイント下落しています。共和党支持者は試合前の国歌斉唱でのプレイヤーによる抗議活動を不快に感じしているということが考えられ、民主党支持者はNFLが脳震盪の防止に熱心ではないと思っていることが考えられます。
また、親たちの中で、子供たちにやらせたいスポーツとしてアメリカンフットボールが敬遠される傾向が強まっているようです。2014年の調査では40パーセントの親がアメリカンフットボールをやらせたくないと答えましたが、2018年ではその数字は48パーセントにまで増えました。2014年では40パーセントがほかのスポーツをやるように強く勧めると答えましたが、2018年では53パーセントになっています。父親の方が母親よりもアメリカンフットボールをやるように言うと答えましたが、その割合は39パーセントでした(母親は33パーセント)。親としては頭をぶつけあう激しいスポーツを敬遠したくなるのは分かります。
このように、アメリカの象徴でもあるアメリカンフットボールですが、その人気は下がっているようです。
アメリカンフットボールの人気の下落については、昨年『ジ・アトランティック』誌でも取り上げられていました。NFLの人気はここ4年間下落傾向が止まらないということです。それはテレビの視聴率に表れています。
この記事では、トランプ政権への抗議活動以前からテレビでの視聴率が下がっていること、そもそもプライムタイムでのテレビ視聴率が若い世代を中心に下がっていることが指摘されています。また、テレビの見方も多様化しており、コード・カッティング(cord-cutting)と呼ばれる、ケーブルテレビの契約を止めてインターネット上でテレビを見るということが若い人を中心に普及しているということも視聴率低下の理由として挙げています。
アメリカンフットボールは「やるスポーツ」から「見るスポーツ」へと変化し、お金がないが体力に恵まれた子供たちが集められ、鍛え上げられ、人々を熱狂させる、ローマ時代の「グラディエイター」のようなものになるのでしょう。アメリカ帝国の「民衆にパンとサーカスを与える」という古典的なやり方の「サーカス」そのものなのでしょうが、そのことに人々が気付き敬遠し始めているということが言えるのではないかと思います。そして、もっと言えば、人々はアメリカ帝国の衰退を感じ取っているのかもしれません。
(貼り付けはじめ)
Concussions and Protests: Football’s
popularity drops
by DANTE CHINNI and SALLY BRONSTON
https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/super-bowl/concussions-protests-football-s-popularity-drops-n844506
In a divided America, Super Bowl Sunday
holds a special place in the national psyche. Even people who don’t like the
New England Patriots or Philadelphia Eagles will tune into the game tonight,
more than 100 million in total.
And yet, poll numbers show the National Football
League and, more broadly, the game of football itself facing some real
questions coming into 2018, according to the January NBC News/Wall Street
Journal poll. The number of people following the NFL closely and the number who
want their children to play football is declining.
Overall, the poll found, the number of
people who say they follow the NFL has declined sharply since 2014. In January,
49 percent of those polled said they follow the league closely. In January of
2014, the “follow closely” figure was 58 percent. That’s a 9-point drop.
But look closer at the numbers and there is
a strong racial component to the decline: it’s being driven by white Americans.
Since 2014, the number of African Americans
and Hispanics saying they follow the professional football closely has remained
flat, according to the poll. But among whites, the number is down 12 points
from 59 percent in 2014 to 47 percent in 2018.
And digging deeper, gender plays an
enormous role. Among white men, the “follow closely” number has declined an
astonishing 22 points, from 69 percent in 2014 to 47 percent in 2018. Over that
same time the “follow closely” number among women was unchanged at 47 percent.
So, in a sense, the NFL’s
viewership/popularity problems seem to boil down to a problem with white men.
That demographic group that has long been a crucial component of the league’s
fan base, as anyone who watches the string of beer, pizza and car commercials
during an NFL game might guess.
But, it’s interesting to note, even in the
divided political landscape of 2018, the league’s slippage among white men
seems to reach both sides of the partisan political spectrum.
The 15-point drop among Republicans who say
they closely follow the NFL was the steepest among partisan groups. The NFL
also saw an 8-point slide among Democrats who say they closely follow the
league. And independents, with a 4-point dip, declined as well.
It’s hard to know what’s driving those
numbers lower for certain.
For Republicans, one issue may be may be this
fall’s protests by NFL players, who took a knee during the national anthem.
President Donald Trump made his displeasure with that practice clear on social
media and in speeches. In fact, Trump alluded to the national anthem protests
at this year’s State of the Union speech.
For Democrats, the key may be a feeling
that the league has not done enough to battle the concussions that often come
with playing football. The NBC/WSJ poll showed Democrats were far less likely
than Republicans to say the NFL had “taken meaningful action to reduce and
prevent concussions.”
And outside the NFL, the concussion issue
may be having an impact on who is actually playing organized, tackle football.
The NBC/WSJ poll showed a big increase in worry among parents about letting
their children play football.
Overall, 48 percent of those polled in
January said they would encourage their child to play a sport other than
football out of concussion concerns. Four years ago, only 40 percent said they
would do that. That’s an 8-point shift in four years.
Among mothers, 53 percent said they would
encourage their child to play another sport; that was up from 40 percent in
2014 – and increase of 13 points. With fathers, 39 percent said they would
encourage their child to play another sport; that was up from 33 percent in
2014 – a 6-point bump.
In other words, fewer adults are watching
the game on Sundays and fewer are encouraging their children to take the field.
None of this changes the fact that the NFL
still rules the roost of American sports.
The 2017 World Series averaged 19 million
viewers. Tonight more than 100 million people will watch Superbowl LII. Some
will watch for Justin Timberlake at halftime. Some will watch for the
commercials. Some will watch just because they are at a Super Bowl party.
But that’s the spectacle. The real question
for the NFL is how many tune in Sunday to watch the game – and how many tune in
on Sundays next fall.
=====
Yes, NFL Viewership Is Down. No, It’s Not
All Trump.
The decline in football ratings probably
has more to do with structural shifts in media than any protests or
presidential tweeting.
DEREK THOMPSON SEP 27, 2017
BUSINESS
https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2017/09/nfl-ratings-trump-anthem-protests/541173/
Puerto Rico is in ruins, North Korea is
threatening to drop hydrogen bombs, Obamacare’s repeal is slipping back into
the grave from which it rose, and tax reform is languishing in Congress.
Meanwhile, President Donald Trump has tweeted 25 times since Saturday about NFL
ratings and the right of athletes to kneel during the national anthem.
The president, whose fixation with
attendance has been obvious from literally the second that he became president,
has repeatedly said the NFL’s ratings were “WAY DOWN” due to protests. He even
took personal credit for the league’s declining viewership.
Is the president right? Yes and no. Yes, in
that there is little question that football viewership, the jewel of the cable
bundle, is in decline; and this, in itself, is an important media story. But
also no, since it’s not clear that either the president or the protests are the
primary culprit.
First, the ratings. It’s important to
beware headlines about bad ratings for one particular game, or one specific
week. Football isn’t like a television show that airs with the same characters
on a weekly basis. Instead, there are 32 teams playing a 17-week round-robin,
with four main television windows for NFL action: early Sunday games (airing at
1 p.m. Eastern Time), later Sunday games (airing around 4 p.m. Eastern), Sunday
Night Football on NBC, and Monday Night Football on ESPN. For any given week,
ratings could easily be down in one window and up for another, depending on the
star power of the players, the quality of the game, and the popularity of
competing shows.
That said, the general trend is down in
almost every window for the last four years. Last year, the NFL’s decline
accelerated due to an uptick in cord-cutting, a blockbuster presidential
election, and a raft of non-competitive games.
This year, the NFL-ratings picture through
three weeks is muddled. During the preseason, ratings were up. In Weeks 1 and
2, ratings declined in two-thirds of NFL windows. In Week 3, after the
president’s comments, there was little evidence of a Trump Effect. Ratings were
up for some day games, down on Sunday night, and up again on Monday for the
Dallas Cowboys, who prevailed over the Arizona Cardinals after taking a
collective knee before the national anthem. The most accurate 2017 summary of
NFL ratings is: mostly flat or down, but up whenever the Cowboys play.
So, what’s behind the decline in football
ratings?
This is a multibillion-dollar question.
Television networks and carriers, such as ESPN and DirecTV, have committed $50
billion to the NFL until the early 2020s. U.S. companies spend more than $4
billion annually on ads during games.
The decline of NFL viewership is seen as an
omen for the demise of the cable bundle, but it’s difficult to say for sure why
ratings are declining. Last year, NFL viewership was down 12 percent annually
until the presidential election, leading many (including me) to suggest that
the blockbuster campaign was the primary reason for the decline. But after the
election, viewership was still down 5 percent through the end of the season in
January.
Some high-profile surveys blamed Colin
Kaepernick and other pre-game protesters. And there is no question that many
Americans are personally offended by pre-game demonstrations. But this
explanation is unsatisfying, for two reasons. First, Kaepernick isn’t on any
NFL team in 2017, and Week 1 viewership this year was even lower than 2016, in
some windows. What’s more, there is some evidence that the number of people who
watched any part of an NFL game increased in 2016, and ratings only dropped
because fewer people watched until the end. This suggests that the quality of
the gameplay, not the tenor of politics, was the more important culprit.
But each of these explanations are specific
to football, which means they ignore the larger, and more important truth:
Ratings are down for everything, except for cable news. Out of 78 prime-time
broadcast series that aired in both 2016 and 2017, only one—ABC’s The
Bachelor—increased viewership among people under 50. Just about every live
sport is dealing with the same problem. NASCAR, although praised by Trump for its
fealty to the national anthem, opened its most recent playoffs with the lowest
ratings ever. Last year, the NBA had some of its lowest-rated games ever, as
well.
These facts cry out for a broader,
structural explanation. One is that Trump’s nonstop news cycle has become a
more entertaining sport than, well, sports. But here is an even more important
one: Five years ago, there were hardly a million “cord-cutter” households.
Today, there are an estimated 7 million. That’s an exodus from pay television
the size of Virginia and New Jersey combined. It’s inconceivable that this
would have no effect whatsoever on NFL ratings. Rather, football is the most
buoyant cargo aboard a sinking ship.
Cord-cutting has been going on for a while.
The decline in football viewership is more recent. So, how do these stories
match up? The cord-cutting revolution is concentrated among younger people,
while households over 55 are actually watching more TV than ever. To put it
bluntly, older Americans die at higher rates, and younger Americans find
themselves torn between many TV options. In this way, football will find that
its consumer base is structurally bounded by entertainment abundance on one
hand and mortality on the other. That ought to lead, not to an audience
implosion, but a slow and steady overall decline.
Nobody should be surprised to find Trump
patting himself on the back for this development. The president has a habit of
taking credit for structural shifts that his tenure has merely inherited. For
example, he took credit for his first “1 million jobs,” even though job growth
had slowed from a level that the president previously criticized as too low.
But to the extent that there is a Trump
Effect at work, it is mostly the president’s ability to turn everything into a
story about attention metrics. NFL viewership was once an arcane tabulation,
which only TV execs and sports-media insiders obsessed over. It has become a
kind of national referendum on the president, social justice, and the propriety
of pre-game protest. Under this president, nothing escapes
politicization—especially ratings.
(貼り付け終わり)
(終わり)
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